{"id":8876,"date":"2017-12-06T16:07:46","date_gmt":"2017-12-06T16:07:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/?p=8876"},"modified":"2022-02-28T15:52:22","modified_gmt":"2022-02-28T15:52:22","slug":"jonathan-swift-350-annual-rokeby-lecture-2017","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/jonathan-swift-350-annual-rokeby-lecture-2017\/","title":{"rendered":"Rokeby Lecture 2017 : Jonathan Swift at 350"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Ian Campbell Ross<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Delivered on Thursday 23 November 2017)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">In just one week\u2019s time, we shall reach the exact date of the 350th anniversary of the birth of Jonathan Swift: 30 November 1667. This anniversary has already been celebrated in Ireland in several ways. A large international conference, entitled \u2018Swift350\u2019, took place in Trinity College Dublin, in early June. A short lecture series was held in the Royal Irish Academy; a conference took place in Newbridge House, Portrane; and last week Professor Moyra Haslett of QUB spoke on \u2018Swift and the North\u2019 in the Linen Hall Library in Belfast. There have been exhibitions on Swift in, among others, the libraries of Trinity College, in Marsh\u2019s Library, in the Royal Irish Academy, and the Dublin Public Library in Pearse Street. A series of events is being held this autumn in St. Patrick\u2019s Hospital and tonight also sees the opening of first Dublin \u2018Jonathan Swift Festival\u2019, taking place over three days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The Swift350 conference was an academic affair, with literary scholars and historians speaking on topics that, however interesting to specialists, would not perhaps have immediate appeal or even be readily comprehensible by the majority of readers, even those whose reading includes the work of Jonathan Swift. So, since there were parallel sessions, conference goers could opt to hear papers entitled \u2018Natural Law and Thomism in the Allegory of <em>A Tale of a Tub<\/em>\u2019 or \u2018Swift, the Oxford ministry, and the search for ecclesiastical preferment, 1710-1714\u2019; or \u2018An uncancelled copy of Volume II, \u2018Containing the Author\u2019s Poetical Works\u2019, of Faulkner\u2019s 1735 <em>Works of Swift<\/em>\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">I hasten to say that I selected these examples, from others I could have chosen, because I know that each paper was well regarded by those who heard it \u2013 and, of course, the three papers did appeal to scholars with a particular interest in Swift\u2019s philosophy or the Established Church at the end of Queen Anne\u2019s reign or and bibliography.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The Dublin Swift Festival has a very different emphasis. It will take place in the Liberties, home to Swift for many years. St. Patrick\u2019s Cathedral will be illuminated; there will films; creative writing classes including a session on travel writing; ballads from Swift\u2019s Dublin; and the opportunity to sit down in the cathedral itself to enjoy a candlelit dinner featuring authentic seventeenth-century dishes including buttered and seasoned eel; chicken fricassee; pickled cucumbers and peese porridge: all, alas, at a decidedly twenty-first century price.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">It is entirely appropriate that Swift should be celebrated in such different ways in this anniversary year \u2013 and that he should be celebrated not only in Dublin but throughout Ireland, not least in Armagh, a location with which Swift had particular associations through his friendship with the Acheson family of Market Hill. No other Irish author of Swift\u2019s time \u2013 and few authors of any time, anywhere \u2013 can boast a literary reputation as a major writer of world stature and retain a continuing presence in popular local and international consciousness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">That reputation and the fact that Swift\u2019s name is known to many who have read little if anything of what he wrote is due, above all, to his single most famous work: <em>Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World<\/em> or, as it quickly became known at home and later, in many remote nations of the world, Gulliver\u2019s Travels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture2.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8881\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><em>Gulliver\u2019s Travels<\/em> is, beyond doubt, the most widely known work ever written by an Irish author or written in Ireland itself. First published in 1726, it has never been out of print, and has appeared in countless editions, sometimes complete, more often abridged and bowdlerized. <em>Gulliver\u2019s Travels<\/em> has been, regarded as a children\u2019s book (mistakenly so by some, but not by children) and translated into dozens of languages. It has been transposed for the stage, television and radio and adapted in a number of film versions, beginning as early as 1902 with Georges M\u00e9li\u00e8s\u2019s <em>Le voyage de Gulliver \u00e0 Lilliput et chez les g\u00e9ants.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">More recent versions feature actors as well known as Richard Harris, Ted Danson and Jack Black. Less familar, perhaps, is the fact that Walt Disney turned Swift\u2019s masterpiece into a vehicle for his own most famous creation, Mickey Mouse, in the 1934 cartoon, <em>Gulliver Mickey<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"1902 - Le Voyage De Gulliver \u00c0 Lilliput Et Chez Les G\u00e9ants\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/dGg9j0BdyEM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">And Swift\u2019s presence in the cultural life of the past decades does not end there. Some of you here will remember the \u00a310 note in the Republic\u2019s Central Bank B series, in circulation between 1976 and 1993, which featured a portrait of Swift. (With a certain irony, Swift was replaced by the altogether less suitable James Joyce, who was as feckless with money throughout his life as Swift was fiscally cautious.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Elsewhere, Swift has been honoured by postage stamps: in Ireland on several occasions but also further afield, as in the 300th anniversary issue in Romania in 1967 or in this year\u2019s Hungarian stamp has lively and colourful image of Gulliver among the Lilliputians. If you live in Belfast, you can use the Lilliput laundry \u2013 founded over 130 years ago in Dunmurry \u2013 for your washing (your smalls, presumably). Should you follow Gulliver in taking a sea voyage, you can travel from Dublin to Holyhead on the Irish Ferries vessel, the <em>Jonathan Swift<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">And if you travel into other nations of the world, you can eat at restaurants, caf\u00e9s and taverns, called \u2018Gulliver\u2019 in, among many others, Scotland, England, the United States, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Czech Republic, Russia and Italy.(Pizzeria named \u2018Gulliver\u2019 are found in numerous Italian cities for some unfathomable reason). In Hungary, Gulliver is honoured by an eatery that seems to offer something for each of his four journeys: a combined restaurant, pizzeria, coffee shop, and tearoom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">I looked unsuccessfully for a \u2018Gulliver\u2019 restaurant in China but the disappointment I felt at my failure to find anything was more than compensated for by the discovery that Chaoyang Park in Beijing has an inflatable statue of Gulliver that is the size of a 20-storey building and certified by the <em>Guinness Book of Records<\/em> to be the largest inflatable statue in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/jonathan-swift-350-annual-rokeby-lecture-2017\/picture3\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8882\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"605\" height=\"334\" src=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8882\" srcset=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture3.jpg 605w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture3-600x331.jpg 600w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture3-300x166.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Gulliver in Chaoyang Park Bejing<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Somewhat more serious examples of the way Swift and his creations have become known might include the \u2018Drapier\u2019 column in the Irish Times; the many \u2018Modest Proposals\u2019 which take their cue from Swift\u2019s famous work of that title; the important influence he exerted on later Irish writers, including Laurence Sterne, James Joyce, and Samuel Beckett; or, beyond Ireland, on books that draw on Swift\u2019s writings, from one of the epigraphs to Margaret Atwood\u2019s <em>The Handmaid\u2019s Tale<\/em> \u2013 taken from <em>A Modest Proposal<\/em> \u2013 to the title of John Kennedy Toole\u2019s most famous novel, <em>Confederacy of Dunces<\/em>, alluding to Swift\u2019s \u2018Thought\u2019: \u2018When a true Genius appears in the World, you may know him by this Sign, that the Dunces are all in Confederacy against him\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The subject of Swift in popular culture is an extremely rich one and I was fascinated myself by one of the papers given at the Swift350 conference in Trinity in June, by Dr. Ruth Menzies of Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, under the title of \u2018<em>Gulliver\u2019s Travels<\/em> in the World of Advertising\u2019, which concentrated on the power of a single image from <em>Gulliver\u2019s Travels<\/em>: that of Gulliver tied to the ground by the tiny Lilliputians, which occurs in publicity for quite different products in very different countries around the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/jonathan-swift-350-annual-rokeby-lecture-2017\/picture5\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8884\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture5.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8884\"\/><\/a><figcaption>Trade Card for J. &amp; P. Coats, Five Points, New York, 1875-1900<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">A wonderful one from the nineteenth-century United States, shown by Dr. Menzies is for J. and P. Coats\u2019 Best 6 Cord Spool Cotton (evidently strong enough to keep Gulliver tightly bound to the ground) and another, more modern if less easily comprehensible one, for a Ford 250 Heavy Duty Truck, dating from 2009.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">What the 350th anniversary celebrations of Swift\u2019s birth suggest to us, in other words, is both the continuing fascination that Swift holds for scholars, whether they be literary critics or historians, and the continuing power possessed by a tiny number of Swift\u2019s works \u2013 or images from them &#8211; on the popular imagination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">In the remainder of this lecture I want to suggest the extent to which Swift himself consciously wrote for very different audiences, both learned and popular. And I want to suggest also that Swift, as a writer, initially shaped by the classical literature he was taught as a young man, learned to engage with his contemporaries in modern literary forms to which they could relate, while remaining ever conscious of a responsibility to contribute to a shared future that he often imagined with great prescience. Swift\u2019s gaze, in other words, very consciously took in the past, his present, and a future of which we are a part.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">I\u2019ll begin with a paradox. The fact that we\u2019re celebrating the 350th anniversary of Swift\u2019s birth \u2013 Swift350 \u2013 has, it seems to me, had a somewhat perverse effect: that of diverting attention away from a very important aspect of Swift\u2019s life. A moment\u2019s reflection, of course, tells us that he was born in 1667. Yet the personal and literary implications of that simple fact are often overlooked. Swift is generally referred to, in critical as well as popular shorthand, as an eighteenth-century writer and is here celebrated as part of a Georgian festival. [\/one_half][one_half_last padding=&#8221;5px 10px 5px 5px&#8221;]There is nothing wrong in this: the bulk of Swift\u2019s work was written and published in the eighteenth century and he died only in 1745, having lived through the reign of George I and the first eighteen years of the reign of George II. But it is important to remember that, born in 1667, Swift became reached maturity in the late-seventeenth century and was well into his thirties at the turn of the century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">It was in 1667 that John Dryden, a cousin of Swift\u2019s, published <em>Annus Mirabilis or The Year of Wonders<\/em>, a poem celebrating English naval victories over the Dutch fleet in the year that also saw the Great Fire of London: 1666. It was a poem that confirmed the reputation Dryden had built up at the beginning of the reign of Charles II, whom he elaborately praised in such works as <em>Astr\u00e6a Redux: A Poem on the Happy Restoration \u2026 of his Sacred Majesty Charles II<\/em> (1660) and <em>To his Sacred Majesty: A Panegyrick on his Coronation<\/em> (1661), poems that won for Dryden the posts of Poet Laureate \u2013 he was the first Poet Laureate \u2013 and Historiographer Royal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">In <em>Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift<\/em>, written when he was in his mid-60s and increasingly aware of his own mortality, Swift would refer ironically to his own age, putting into the mouths of others the dismissive sentiments:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>He&#8217;s older than he would be reckon&#8217;d<br>And well remembers Charles the Second<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>(ll. 107-8).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Joking apart, however, Swift must in fact, have well remembered Charles II, since he was already 18 when Charles died in 1685.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Swift\u2019s birth year of 1667 was also the year that saw the death of another great seventeenth-century poet: Abraham Cowley, the great English exponent of the Pindaric Ode: an elevated and ambitious verse form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Swift\u2019s career as a writer \u2013 and specifically as a poet \u2013 began when he was in his mid-twenties, with poems written under the influence of both Cowley and Dryden. Those early poems were not a success. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The earliest of all, the ode <em>To the King on his Irish Expedition and the Success of his Arms in General<\/em> (1691) was written in praise of William III, shortly after the Battle of the Boyne, and was intended by Swift to gain the king\u2019s patronage. It was a work shaped both by Abraham Cowley\u2019s reputation as a writer of Pindaric Odes and Dryden\u2019s fondness for royal panegyric. Many years after Swift published his <em>Ode to the King<\/em>, when he had established himself, above all, as a satirist \u2013 a role by which he is most usually remembered today \u2013 he expressed a very different view of this kind of poetry. In his \u2018Thoughts on Various Subjects\u2019, published at the end of his life in the 1745 volume of <em>Miscellanies<\/em>, Swift declared: \u2018All Panegyricks are mingled with an Infusion of Poppy\u2019 (that is, they cause readers to fall asleep).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">It was much earlier that Swift had been given a rude awakening in terms of thinking about his early attempts at verse, all of which were odes \u2013 either Pindaric (as Swift understood the term) or Horatian \u2013 and all intended to present Swift himself in the best possible light in order to ingratiate him with possible patrons, including King William and Sir William Temple.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Gallingly for Swift, it was the great John Dryden himself who told him bluntly: \u2018Cousin Swift, Nature never intended you for a Pindarick poet\u2019 \u2013 and after these early works, Swift took the advice to heart, learning to write in very different and modern poetic styles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">This was not, I think, an easy task for Swift but it was necessary if Swift was to reach an audience among his contemporaries, especially those younger than himself. It was John Dryden who wrote in 1700:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>\u2019Tis well an old age is out<br>And time to begin a new.<br><em> (Secular Masque,<\/em> 1700<em>)<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Swift\u2019s writing around the turn of the century shows him looking both backwards and forwards. <em>The Battle of the Books<\/em>, Swift\u2019s short comic treatment of the contemporary debate, the \u2018Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns\u2019, supported the position of Swift\u2019s then-employer, Sir William Temple, in giving preference to the Ancients \u2013 the great writers of classical Greece and Rome whom Swift had been taught to revere. The talent evident in Swift\u2019s own contribution, however, suggested that modern writers might indeed aspire to rise higher than their predecessors, even if only \u2013 in a phrase Temple employed \u2013 because they were dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/jonathan-swift-350-annual-rokeby-lecture-2017\/picture7\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8886\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"158\" height=\"300\" src=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture7-158x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8886\" srcset=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture7-158x300.jpg 158w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture7.jpg 526w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 158px) 100vw, 158px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>The Battel of the Books (London, 1704)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><em>The Battle of the Books<\/em>, written in the late 1690s, was eventually published in 1704, along with the first edition of <em>A Tale of a Tub<\/em>. In certain ways, this work too looks backwards. The story of the three brothers, Peter (Roman Catholicism), Jack (Calvinism) and Martin (Lutheranism, and hence the Anglican Church, in which Swift was already a clergyman) had been used in the past as an allegory about Judaism, Christianity, and Islam; and the<em> Tale<\/em> frequently engages with mid-seventeenth century debates revolving around the skeptical philosophy of Thomas Hobbes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Published anonymously, <em>A Tale of a Tub<\/em> is presented as a work written by a penniless, half-mad, hack writer, scribbling away in a London garret. Complex as it is, however \u2013 a series of digressions within digressions \u2013 contemporaries recognized a powerful and original mind. What they failed to recognize \u2013 and the fault may have been the author\u2019s as much as that of his readers \u2013 was that Swift\u2019s intention was to support the Established Church, not \u2013 as some contemporaries thought \u2013 to ridicule religion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Eventually, Swift would look at his work and declare \u2018Good God, what a genius I had when I wrote that book\u2019. But that was late in life. In 1704 and again the following year, the Tale was controversial enough that a leading Anglican divine and philosopher, Dr. Samuel Clarke, argued against it in public. He did so in the prestigious Boyle lectures, then delivered in St. Paul\u2019s Cathedral in London.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/jonathan-swift-350-annual-rokeby-lecture-2017\/picture8\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8887\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"451\" height=\"1021\" src=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture8.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8887\" srcset=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture8.jpg 451w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture8-133x300.jpg 133w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><em>A Tale of a Tub<\/em> (5th ed. London, 1710)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">To have one\u2019s first major book so prominently noticed might seem attractive to any aspiring author but for an ambitious clergyman to be considered by his eminent superiors to be a deist \u2013 a believer in a supreme being who remains remote from human affairs \u2013 or even an atheist was a very serious matter. Swift attempted to clarify his position in four subsequent editions published over the next five years, culminating in the fifth and final edition of 1710. Unfortunately for him, the changes he made were insufficient to gain him the ecclesiastical preferment he coveted. Queen Anne thought the author of <em>A Tale of a Tub<\/em> too unorthodox to receive preferment in England, with the result that Swift did not obtain the English bishopric he believed he deserved but famously became, instead, Dean of St. Patrick\u2019s Cathedral, Dublin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">While Swift\u2019s writings on religion reveal him to have been poised between the past and a future he foresaw more clearly than many of his contemporaries, his secular writings also suggest that Swift understood himself and his age to be at a significant moment in history: on the verge of what we think of today as Modernity. Taught to admire classical Latin poets such as Horace and Virgil, Swift was particularly alert to the ways such poets wrote of a world quite unlike that in which Swift and his contemporaries lived.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Between 1710 and 1714, Swift lived almost entirely in London. It was there, in the fashionable periodical,<em> The Tatler<\/em>, edited by Richard Steele and Joseph Addison that he published <em>A Description of a City Shower<\/em>, which offers a parody \u2013 a critical rethinking \u2013 of Virgilian georgic: poems about farming. In the countryside, rain brings refreshment and growth; in early-eighteenth century London it deluges Londoners with uncontrolled filth. After the shower, the city \u2013 still without a proper drainage or sewage system \u2013 sees its ordered world degenerate into chaos:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>Now from all Parts the swelling Kennels flow,<br>And bear their Trophies with them as they go:<br>Filth of all Hues and Odours seem to tell<br>What Street they sail\u2019d from, by their Sight and Smell.<br>They, as each Torrent drives, with rapid Force,<br>From Smithfield, or St. Pulchre\u2019s shape their Course,<br>And in huge Confluent join at Snow-Hill Ridge,<br>Fall from the Conduit prone to Holborn-Bridge.<br>Sweepings from Butchers\u2019 Stalls, Dung, Guts, and Blood,<br>Drown\u2019d Puppies, stinking Sprats, all drench\u2019d in Mud,<br>Dead Cats, and Turnip-Tops come tumbling down the Flood.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>(ll. 53-63)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">In these poems, Swift was not turning his back on his classical education but he was increasingly testing the authority of the past against modern lived experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">This was true whether Swift was writing prose or verse. If he was under no illusion that he might follow his cousin Dryden as English Poet Laureate, Swift did harbour an ambition to follow him in the other great position that Dryden held: that of Historiographer Royal. One of Swift\u2019s most ambitious works was his History of the <em>Last Four Years of the Queen<\/em>. It is also one of his least successful: unpublished during his lifetime, and read today only by Swift scholars and historians with a specialized interest in the final years of the reign of Queen Anne (even the title is not Swift\u2019s own). If Swift could not succeed in such ambitious endeavours, then he was willing to turn his hand to more popular forms of publication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">So, many of the works by Swift that have the greatest appeal to readers today are what were, in Swift\u2019s day, modern forms. Among these, the popular pamphlet is perhaps the most pervasive. Some pamphlets, like the <em>Bickerstaff Papers<\/em> \u2013 an elaborately cruel hoax whose ultimate aim was to defend the privileges of the Anglican Church \u2013 were immediately successful. Others might be as resistant to easy interpretation as <em>A Tale of a Tub<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/jonathan-swift-350-annual-rokeby-lecture-2017\/picture10\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8889\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"534\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture10-e1512561444944-534x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8889\" srcset=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture10-e1512561444944-534x1024.jpg 534w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture10-e1512561444944-600x1150.jpg 600w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture10-e1512561444944-157x300.jpg 157w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture10-e1512561444944-scaled.jpg 537w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 534px) 100vw, 534px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><br>His <em>Argument against Abolishing Christianity<\/em> or, to give it its full title, <em>An Argument to Prove that the Abolishing of Christianity in England May, as Things Now Stand Today, be Attended with Some Inconveniences, and Perhaps not Produce Those Many Good Effects Proposed Thereby<\/em> is a short work whose complex, multi-layered irony begins with its title since \u2013 even in an increasingly sceptical age \u2013 no one had ever gone so far as to suggest abolishing Christianity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/jonathan-swift-350-annual-rokeby-lecture-2017\/picture11\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8890\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"476\" height=\"881\" src=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture11.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8890\" srcset=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture11.jpg 476w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture11-162x300.jpg 162w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">During his years in Ireland after 1714, Swift further developed his skills as a pamphleteer. In 1720, he published <em>A Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish Manufacture<\/em>, which goes beyond what that title declares \u2013 an encourage to support the Irish economy by purchasing only Irish goods \u2013 to challenge the pretensions of the parliament in Westminster to legislate for Ireland, following the Declaratory Act of 1719. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">The pamphlet had sufficient impact in Ireland that the Irish administration attempted to put the anonymous author on trial for seditious libel and when no one would identify the author \u2013 though many in Dublin knew it to be Swift \u2013 charged the printer, Edward Waters, instead. The result was a trial infamously presided over by Lord Chief Justice Whitshed, who sent out the jury \u2013 who returned a verdict of \u2018not guilty\u2019 \u2013 no fewer than nine times, to see whether they might arrive at a decision more acceptable to the judge and the administration at Dublin Castle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Undoubtedly, the success of this pamphlet helped persuade Swift, somewhat belatedly, to join in the campaign against the patent granted to the English manufacturer, William Wood, to produce \u00a3108,000 worth of copper currency for a country badly in need of it. The supposedly poor quality of the coins was the occasion for Swift\u2019s intervention in the guise of M. B. Drapier, in the pamphlets now known as the Drapier\u2019s Letters. In these works, Swift is not addressing the intellectually curious reader for whom he had written A Tale of a Tub nor the politically influential readers he had hoped to find for The Last Four Years of the Queen. Instead, he wrote for a wide cross-section of Irish society and he made sure that the pamphlets he addressed to them were within the reach, even of the less educated, and least wealthy, among them. So the Drapier encourages his readers \u2018to read this paper with the utmost attention, or get it read to you by others; which that you may do at the less expense, I have order the printer to sell it at the lowest rate\u2019 \u2013 and in fact each pamphlet sold for just \u00be d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">It was in a similarly humble material form that Swift published A Modest Proposal: one of his most admired, and certainly the one that most clearly revealed the \u2018savage indignation\u2019 he attributed to himself in the Latin epitaph he wrote and which now adorns a tablet close to his grave in St. Patrick\u2019s Cathedral, Dublin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><em>Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World<\/em> represents yet another form of modern literature. The expanding commercial empire of early-eighteenth century Britain and Ireland made knowledge of the world all the more important to readers, who showed a healthy appetite for travel writing of different kinds. Yet the many contemporary European voyages of discovery often made it hard for readers to know what to believe and what not to; the story of the Irish bishop who declared, according to Swift, that<em> Gulliver\u2019s Travels<\/em> was \u2018full of improbable lies, and for his part, he hardly believed a word of it\u2019 may not be literally true but perhaps reflected the perplexity many readers felt in an age of discovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Swift\u2019s challenge to his age was, however, far more radical than whether or not readers believed his story to be literally true. In a famous letter written on 29 September 1725 to his great friend, Alexander Pope, Swift described the work he was then engaged in writing (but had not yet completed): the work that would become <em>Gulliver\u2019s Travels<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">I have got materials towards a treatise proving the falsity of that definition<em> animal rationale<\/em> [i.e. man is a rational being]; and to show it should only be <em>rationis capax<\/em> [that is, capable of reason].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/jonathan-swift-350-annual-rokeby-lecture-2017\/picture14\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8893\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"635\" height=\"476\" src=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture14.gif\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8893\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Like other classically educated contemporaries, Pope would have recognized the true import of Swift\u2019s words in a way that we find it harder to do today. For many hundreds of years, students had studied logic \u2013 one of the most important subjects in the curriculum. We even know the logic text-book Swift himself read: the <em>Institutiones Logic\u00e6<\/em> written by the then-Provost of Trinity College Dublin, Narcissus Marsh, later Archbishop Marsh, and founder of Marsh\u2019s Library in Dublin.<br><a href=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/jonathan-swift-350-annual-rokeby-lecture-2017\/picture14\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8893\">&nbsp;<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Among the propositions that Swift found in that book, two particularly stand out:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><em>1. Homo est animal rationale <\/em>[Man is a rational being]<br><em> 2. Equus non est animal rationale<\/em> [A Horse is not a rational being]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Any reader of <em>Gulliver\u2019s Travels<\/em> will quickly recognize the possible relevance of these statements to an understanding Book IV of Swift\u2019s masterpiece: \u2018Voyage into the Country of the Houynhnms\u2019, where the appalled Gulliver comes to perceive his own likeness in the bestial Yahoos, leading him to identify \u2013 often absurdly, as when he neighs when speaking, or trots when walking \u2013 with the rational horses, the Houynhnms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/jonathan-swift-350-annual-rokeby-lecture-2017\/picture15\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8894\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" src=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture15.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8894\" srcset=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture15.png 900w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture15-600x450.png 600w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture15-300x225.png 300w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture15-768x576.png 768w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture15-678x509.png 678w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture15-326x245.png 326w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture15-80x60.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/a><figcaption><em>Gulliver Takes his leave of the Houyhnhmns<\/em>, by Sawry Gilpin (1769)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Yet the exact nature of the view of humankind Swift is offering in<em> Gulliver\u2019s Travels<\/em> and especially in its fourth book is something over which readers have argued since the book\u2019s publication, variously finding it filthy, repulsive and shameful or, as a later the poet T. S. Eliot \u2013 himself an Anglican \u2013 memorably wrote: \u2018one of the greatest triumphs that the human soul ever achieved\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Here again, we see Swift looking both backwards and forwards: back to the classical world in whose values he was educated and forward even beyond his own time \u2013 an age once commonly known as the \u2018Age of Reason\u2019 \u2013 to a world that has lost faith in the reasonableness of the human race.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Swift lived at a time when many forms of received wisdom were coming under attack. In such early works as <em>The Battle of the Books<\/em>, he defends the wisdom and achievements of the classical past. As a Christian and, particularly, as a clergyman, he knew well the wisdom books of the Old Testament, including Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and the Book of Wisdom in the Apocrypha. Yet throughout much of his life, Swift the Modern recorded proverb-like aphorisms of his own devising: \u2018Thoughts on Several Subjects, Moral and Diverting\u2019, published in the first volume of&nbsp;<em>Miscellanies<\/em> (1711, 1727 and 1745).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">So he wrote in a way that challenged contemporaries and perhaps challenges us more than ever today, in an age of easy access to information, via the internet and Google searches: \u2018Some People will never learn any thing, for this reason, because they understand every thing too soon.\u2019 He could also be very cynical: \u2018I never knew any Man in my Life, who cou\u2019d not bear anothers Misfortunes perfectly like a Christian.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image wp-image-8896\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"637\" height=\"704\" src=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture17.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8896\" srcset=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture17.jpg 637w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture17-600x663.jpg 600w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture17-271x300.jpg 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 637px) 100vw, 637px\" \/><figcaption>Francois, Duc de la Rochefoucauld (1613-80), Author of <em>Maximes<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Like other of Swift\u2019s \u2018thoughts\u2019 this is not entirely original; indeed this particular \u2018thought\u2019 is borrowed, and only slightly elaborated, by reference to Christianity, from one of the maxims of La Rochefoucauld: \u2018We are strong enough to bear the misfortunes of others\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">And it was to the seventeenth-century French writer La Rochefoucauld that Swift looked in composing a poem that, in its own way, is also an unusually modern form. <em>Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift<\/em> offers, in a complex fashion, an autobiography (before that word had even been coined). The epigraph to the poem shows Swift at his most cynical, quoting in French a maxim of La Rochefoucauld\u2019s: \u2018<em>Dans l\u2019adversit\u00e9 de nos meilleurs amis nous trouvons toujours quelque chose, qui ne nous deplaist pas<\/em>\u2019 (\u2018In the adversity of our best friends we always find something that does not displease us\u2019. The opening lines of the poem suggest the basic thrust of the argument:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>As Rochefoucault his Maxims drew<br>From Nature, I believe &#8217;em true:<br>They argue no corrupted Mind<br>In him; the Fault is in Mankind.<\/p><p>This Maxim more than all the rest<br>Is thought too base for human Breast:<br>&#8220;In all Distresses of our Friends,<br>We first consult our private Ends;<\/p><p>While Nature, kindly bent to ease us,<br>Points out some Circumstance to please us.&#8221;<\/p><p>If this perhaps your patience move,<br>Let reason and experience prove.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>(ll. 1-12)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/jonathan-swift-350-annual-rokeby-lecture-2017\/picture16\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-8895\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"671\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture16-671x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8895\" srcset=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture16-671x1024.jpg 671w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture16-600x916.jpg 600w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture16-197x300.jpg 197w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture16-scaled.jpg 675w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 671px) 100vw, 671px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The remainder of this extraordinary and entertaining poem purports to show exactly this: how both reason and experience suggest men and women are driven by \u2018self-love\u2019. Again, this was a debate with particularly modern resonance. Philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, writing in the mid-seventeenth century, when Swift was born, argued that humans were indeed driven by \u2018self-love\u2019 or \u2018self-interest\u2019, prompting younger men, such as the Earl of Shaftesbury, Swift\u2019s almost exact contemporary, to promote the more optimistic view that humans had an innate moral sense that allowed them to transcend selfishness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, Shaftesbury wrote:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>Relations, Friends, Countrymen, Laws, Politick Constitutions, the Beauty of Order and Government, and the Interest of Society and Mankind \u2026 naturally raise a stronger Affection than any which was grounded upon the narrow bottom of mere SELF.<br><em> (Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, 1.117 [1711])<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Countering such optimism, Swift wittily takes contrary examples from everyday life:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>Who wou\u2019d not at a crowded Show<br>Stand high himself, keep others low?<br>I love my Friend as well as you<br>But would not have him stop my View.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Even allowing for the fact that <em>Verses on the Death<\/em> is a comic poem, Swift delights in presenting himself as a cynic. Yet selfless action \u2013 altruism \u2013 was no less a part of Swift\u2019s character. In his \u2018Thoughts on Several Subjects\u2019 (1727), Swift proposed a view of Christianity as an incitement to civic and even political action: \u2018To relieve the Oppress\u2019d is the most glorious Act a Man is capable of; it is in some measure doing the business of God and Providence.\u2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Oppression, however, takes many forms. The conclusion of <em>Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift<\/em> contains some of the most characteristic lines Swift ever wrote:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>He gave the little Wealth he had,<br>To build a House for Fools and Mad:<br>And shew&#8217;d by one satyric Touch,<br>No Nation wanted it so much.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">In \u2018Thoughts on Various Subjects\u2019 in the 1727 Miscellanies, Swift had written of madness in a quite different way:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>We ought in humanity no more to despise a Man for the misfortunes of the Mind, than for those of the Body, when they are such as he cannot help. Were this thoroughly consider\u2019d, we should no more laugh at one for having his Brains crack\u2019d, than for having his Head broke.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">As is well known, Swift really did give the little wealth he had to build a house for \u2018fools and mad\u2019. The legacy he left allowed for the building of St. Patrick\u2019s Hospital in Dublin which is still, though much enlarged, used today for the purpose for which Swift intended it \u2013 and Swift appears still more forward looking in suggesting that mental illness is not essentially different from \u2013 and certainly no more shameful than \u2013 physical illness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture19.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8898\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"719\" height=\"372\" src=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture20.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-8899\" srcset=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture20.jpg 719w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture20-600x310.jpg 600w, http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Picture20-300x155.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">During this week\u2019s Dublin Swift Festival, Dubliners who have never read a word of Swift will have the opportunity to share in one activity that was also a feature of the academic conference held in Trinity College Dublin in June. They will be able to take the same tour of St. Patrick\u2019s Hospital that was also offered to Swiftians from around the world under the guidance of the hospital\u2019s current Medical Director, Professor Jim Lucey: a tour that allows visitors an opportunity to see for themselves Swift\u2019s physical legacy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\">Of course, here in the splendid Armagh Robinson Library we are reminded that, to celebrate Swift fully, we need not only to think of his place in popular consciousness but also to read his works \u2013 especially those less well known than <em>Gulliver\u2019s Travels<\/em> or <em>A Modest Proposal<\/em>. In doing so, we shall find a wealth of amusement but we should also come to recognize that writing and reading do not exist as activities divorced from the world but \u2013 as Swift triumphantly showed \u2013 as incentives to changing it for the better.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">________<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-heading\">Ian Campbell Ross is Emeritus Professor of Eighteenth-Century Studies and Fellow Emeritus of Trinity College Dublin. He thanks the Keeper of the Armagh Robinson Library \u2013 the Dean of Armagh, Gregory Dunstan \u2013 and the Assistant Keeper, Carol Conlin for the invitation to deliver the 2017 Rokeby Lecture and for their kindness during his visit to Armagh.<\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>Ian Campbell Ross (Delivered on Thursday 23 November 2017) In just one week\u2019s time, we shall reach the exact date of the 350th anniversary of the birth of Jonathan Swift: 30 November 1667. This anniversary <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/jonathan-swift-350-annual-rokeby-lecture-2017\/\" title=\"Rokeby Lecture 2017 : Jonathan Swift at 350\">[&#8230;]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":8897,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"template-full.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":[],"_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":0,"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[207,227,254],"ticketed":false,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8876"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8876"}],"version-history":[{"count":83,"href":"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8876\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17453,"href":"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8876\/revisions\/17453"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8897"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8876"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8876"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/demo.brandingbay.com\/ARL\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8876"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}